Citation Guide

How to credit sources WITHIN your paper

• All sources listed on your Works Cited page must also appear in your essay as *citations*.
• All citations in your paper must also appear on your Works Cited page.

ALL quoted and paraphrased information MUST be cited. If you use the information, you CITE the information. 

In-text (or parenthetical citations) have shortened source information in parenthesis at the end of the sentence. This information consists of the author's last name, or the title (or a shortened version of it), depending on what is mentioned first on the Works Cited page PLUS the page number (if there is one available).

For example:

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Signal Phrases:
You may choose to include some of the required information in your sentence instead of in the parentheses.

For example:

Dr. Hatzenbuehler, history professor at Idaho State University, points out that "popular sovereignty may be antithecial to fundamental rights" (370). 

Use signal phrases to let the reader know that source information is embedded in the sentence.
Listen for examples in podcasts and news broadcasts.

Here are some common signal phrases: (see more HERE)
    according to....
       as stated by...
          in studies done by.... at....
             in her research at....XYZ person found that....
                as referenced in .....
                   XYZ person found that....

Remember, signal phrases don't always have to be at the beginning of a sentence. Vary the ways you use signal phrases to add sophistication to your writing. The basic formula is NAME + QUALIFICATIONS + LOCATION (if applicable) and a VERB. Avoid use of "said or says" - it's seen as a weak verb.

When using signal phrases, you may add extra source information to add credibility (or to highlight possible bias).
For example:

As quoted in an article from New Scientist, XYZ person argued, "blah blah blah...."
 

If there is a page number, put it in parenthesis following the information cited.
For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).